Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Diabetes Induced Cognitive Dysfunction, Type 3 Diabetes: A Perspective Study

Vivek Kumar Tiwari, Ch. Amala

Abstract


Alzheimer’s disease is triggered by insulin resistance in the brain termed as Type 3 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for causing dementia, vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are two independent diseases, evidences from epidemiological, pathophysiological relationship between these diseases. As its pathophysiology resembles with T2DM and AD, which response insulin resistance and deficiency, protein aggregation, oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products, it is termed as “type 3 diabetes”. Type 3 diabetes is diagnosed and treated by using anti-diabetic drugs and are successfully used to reduce the cognitive decline in AD patients.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Iyer SR, Iyer RR, Upasani SV, Baitule MN. (2001), “Diabetes mellitus in Dombivli: an urban population study”, J Assoc Phys India, Volume 49, pp. 713–716.

Misra A, Pandey RM, Devi JR, Sharma R, Vikram NK, Khanna N. (2001), “High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in northern India”, Int J Obes, Volume 25, pp. 1722–1729.

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Kapur A, Vijay V, Mohan V, Das AK, et al. (2001), “High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey”, Diabetologia, Volume 44, pp. 1094–1101.

Gupta A, Gupta R, Sarna M, Rastogi S, Gupta VP, Kothari K. (2003), “Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance syndrome in an urban Indian population”, Diab Res Clin Pract, Volume 61, pp. 69–76.

Prabhakaran D, Shah P, Chaturvedi V, Ramakrishnan L, Manhapra A, Reddy KS. (2005), “Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence among men in a large industry of northern India”, Natl Med J India, Volume 18, pp. 59–65.

Jellinger KA. (2008), “Neuropathological aspects of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease and frontotemporal dementia”, Neurodegener Dis., Volume 5, Issue 3−4, pp. 118–121.

Wang XP, Ding HL. (2008), “Alzheimer's disease: epidemiology, genetics, and beyond”, Neurosci Bull, Volume 24, Issue 2, pp. 105–109.

World Health Organization. (2011), “Global health and aging”, USA: National Institute of Aging, pp. 1−26.

Prince M, Albanese E, Guerchet M, Prina M. (2014), “World Alzheimer Report. Dementia and risk reduction”, London, UK: Alzheimer’s disease International, pp. 104.

Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. (2006), “Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes”, Nature, Volume 444, pp. 840−846.

Beydoun M, Beydoun H, Wang Y. (2008), “Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and metaanalysis”, Obesit Rev, Volume 9, pp. 204−218.

Akter K, Lanza EA, Martin SA, Myronyuk N, Rua M, Raffa RB. (2011), “Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: shared pathology and treatment?”, Br J Clin Pharmacol, Volume 71, pp. 365−376.

DeFronzo RA. (2015), “Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM, Eds. Internationl Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus. Fourth ed. USA”, John Wiley Sons, pp. 371−400.

Kumar A, Singh A. (2015), “A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: an update”, Pharmacol Rep, Volume 67, pp. 195−203.

Bangen KJ, Gu Y, Gross AL, et al. (2015), “Relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognitive change in a multiethnic elderly cohort”, J Am Geriatr Soc, Volume 63, pp. 1075−1083.

Ott A, Stolk R, Van Harskamp F, Pols H, Hofman A, Breteler M. (1999), “Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia The Rotterdam Study”, Neurology, Volume 53, pp. 1937−1938.

Luchsinger J, Reitz C, Honig LS, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. (2005), “Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease”, Neurology, Volume 65, pp. 545−551.

Tyas SL, Manfreda J, Strain LA, Montgomery PR. (2001), “Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, longitudinal study in Manitoba, Canada”, Int J Epidemiol, Volume 30, pp. 590−597.

Akomolafe A, Beiser A, Meigs JB, et al. (2006), “Diabetes mellitus and risk of developing Alzheimer disease: results from the Framingham Study”, Arch Neurol, Volume 63, pp. 1551−1555.

Ahtiluoto S, Polvikoski T, Peltonen M, et al. (2010), “Diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia A population-based neuropathologic study”, Neurology, Volume 75, pp. 1195−1202.

Ohara T, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, et al. (2011), “Glucose tolerance status and risk of dementia in the community The Hisayama Study”, Neurology, Volume 77, pp. 1126−1134.

Li J, Wang Y, Zhang M, et al. (2011), “Vascular risk factors promote conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease”, Neurology, Volume 76, pp. 1485−1491.

Xu W, Qiu CX, Wahlin Å, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. (2004), “Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project A 6-year follow-up study”, Neurology, Volume 63, pp. 1181−1186.

Cheng G, Huang C, Deng H, Wang H. (2012), “Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a metaanalysis of longitudinal studies”, Intern Med J, Volume 42, pp. 484−491.

Janson J, Laedtke T, Parisi JE, O’Brien P, Petersen RC, Butler PC. (2004), “Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Alzheimer disease”, Diabetes, Volume 53, pp. 474−481.

Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Stern Y, Shea S, Mayeux R. (2001), “Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort”, Am J Epidemiol, Volume 154, pp. 635−641.

Sanz C, Hanaire H, Vellas B, Sinclair A, Andrieu S. (2012), “Diabetes mellitus as a modulator of functional impairment and decline in Alzheimer’s disease”, The Real. FR cohort. Diabetic Med, Volume 29, pp. 541−548.

Roith DL, Zick Y. (2001), “Recent advances in our understanding of insulin action and insulin resistance”, Diabetes Care, Volume 24, pp. 588−597.

Neumann KF, Rojo L, Navarrete LP, Farías G, Reyes P, Maccioni RB. (2008), “Insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease: molecular links & clinical implications”, Curr Alzheimer Res, Volume 5, pp. 438−447.

De Felice FG, Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST. (2014), “How does brain insulin resistance develop in Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimer's Dement”, Volume 10, pp. S26−S32.

Rivera EJ, Goldin A, Fulmer N, Tavares R, Wands JR, De La Monte S. (2005), “Insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and function deteriorate with progression of Alzheimer's disease: link to brain reductions in acetylcholine”, J Alzheimer's Dis: JAD, Volume 8, pp. 247−268.

Cai Z, Xiao M, Chang L, Yan LJ. (2014), “Role of insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease”, Metabol Brain Dis, Volume 30, pp. 839−851.

Moloney AM, Griffin RJ, Timmons S, O’Connor R, Ravid R, O’Neill C. (2010), “Defects in IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor and IRS-1/2 in Alzheimer's disease indicate possible resistance to IGF-1 and insulin signalling”, Neurobiol Aging, Volume 31, pp. 224−243.

Carro E, Torres-Aleman I. (2004), “The role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathology of Alzheimer's disease”, Eur J Pharmacol, Volume 490, pp. 127−133.

Kremer A, Louis JV, Jaworski T, Van Leuven F. (2011), “GSK3 and Alzheimer’s disease: facts and fiction”, Front Mol Neurosci, Volume 4, Issue 110.

De la Monte SM, Wands JR. (2005), “Review of insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression, signaling, and malfunction in the central nervous system: relevance to Alzheimer's disease”, J Alzheimers Dis., Volume 7, Issue 1, pp. 45–61.

Steen E, Terry BM, Rivera EJ, Cannon JL, Neely TR, Tavares R, Xu XJ, Wands JR, de la Monte SM. (2005), “Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease—is this type 3 diabetes?”, J Alzheimers Dis., Volume 7, Issue 1, pp. 63–80.

Reddy KS, Prabhakaran D, Chaturvedi V, Jeemon P, Thankappan KR, Ramakrishnan L, et al., (2006), “On behalf of the Sentinel Surveillance System for Indian Industrial Populations Study Group. Methods for establishing a surveillance system for cardiovascular diseases in Indian industrial populations”, Bull World Health Organ, Volume 84, pp. 461–469.

(June 15, 2013), “The Oral Diabetes Drugs Treating Type 2 Diabetes Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price" (PDF). Archived (PDF)”, Retrieved July 17, 2013.

El-Mir MY, Detaille D, R-Villanueva G, Delgado-Esteban M, Guigas B, Attia S, Fontaine E, Almeida A, Leverve X. (2008), “Neuroprotective role of antidiabetic drug metformin against apoptotic cell death in primary cortical neurons”, J Mol Neurosci, Volume 34, Issue 1, pp. 77−87.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.