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Synthetic Photosensitizer in Periodontal Antimicrobial-Photodynamic Therapy: Evolution and Biological Role in Clinical Protocols
Abstract
The Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (A-PDT) provides the presence of photosensitizing agents and chromophores, particular dyes in suspension or liquid phase mixture, and the presence of a light with a specific wavelength. Their interaction is able to determine at sub-gingival level and in areas of complex clean ability, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen atoms. The lights used in PDT have usually 380-700 nm of wavelengths, and are overall Lasers. Articles, for this overview, have been analyzed from database of PubMed, ResearchGate, Scopus and texts and materials available at the university library system (SBA-UNIMI) in the period between 1995-2019. All material prior to 1995 was excluded, excluding historical revisions and milestone papers. Hematoporphyrin ester and Hematoporphyrin in hydrochloric acid, Toluidine Blue, Methylene Blue, Poli-L-Lysine and Chlorin E6 conjugated, Green Indocyanine, Fenotiazine chloride are the most used in periodontal A-PDT. There is an urgent need to focus in vitro studies and assessments on the progressive standardization of protocols. These parameters can provide a global and accepted clinical and scientific validation to a therapy that integrates, completes and improves the vision of mini-invasiveness requirements in the knowledge of modern nonsurgical periodontology and are targeted to perform severe clinical protocol design.
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